Glossary 

Glossary   

The Quadrical plant is set up in the following way. 

Equipment Type & Reading Type: 

Solar plants have multiples of equipment.  As each have a unique Tag to refer to them, they are known simply as EQUIPMENT_TAG.  All equipment fit into general categories like [Energy Meters, Inverters, Weather Stations etc].  These are merged together and standardized in the Quadrical platform as EQUIPMENT_TYPE. Each Equipment based on its type, provides measurements related to Current, Voltage, Frequency – which are standardized and made available as READING_TYPE. 

  

Plant Level (Equipment-type of PLANT_OUTGOING-ABT) 

Quadrical tools are available for Performance Engineer / Analyst to explore data for individual sites in more detail.  These are accessible from the Analytics Tab with four views.   

  1. Analysis 
  2. Sibling Comparison 
  3. Sibling Heatmap 
  4. Scatterplot 

  

The plant can be navigated using the Tree Widget on the left to locate the equipment of interest – referred to as SELECTED equipment.  Once established, depending on view chosen, the user can provide additional requirements to explore data based on:  

  1. Type of reading about equipment 
  2. Additional data, from other equipment to pull into the analysis – equipment of the same EQUIPMENT-TYPE as the SELECTED equipment are referred to as PEERS.
  Terminology  Meaning  Type 
1.  Act Gen  Actual Generation   Plant KPI* 
2.  Act Res  Actual Resource [Insolation]  Plant KPI* 
3.  Active Power (True Power or Real Power)  AC power produced by plant and utilized by the load  Plant KPI* 
4.  Actual/ Unnormalized  Scale of different reading types selected, may be different.  This checkbox helps with better viewing 

IF  

  • Selected: each Reading Type is shown in Original Scale 
  • Unselected: each Reading Type scaled to a 0-100 range 
 Analytics Tools Label* 
5.  AOP Gen  Annual Operating Plan Generation  Plant KPI* 
6.  AOP Res  Annual Operating Plan Resource   Plant KPI* 
7.  Availability_Q  Availability numbers based on fault tickets available at INV/Plant level  Plant KPI* 
8.  Availability_Q  Availability numbers based on fault tickets available at INV  Inverter level 
9.  Bins  Grouping of data across a period of time into one bucket  Sibling Heatmap 
10.  Capacity  DC load attached to plant level  Plant KPI*, Global Level, Inverter Level 
11.  Clearsky_GHI  Clear Sky radiation value  Global 
12.  Clearsky_GHI_%  Clear sky radiation % value with respect to Extraterrestrial radiation  Global 
13.  Color Tab  Allows for adding another READING-TYPE to provide differentiation amongst plotted points 

  • Drop-down will list available READING-TYPE to be used as color 

 

 Scatterplot 
14.  Curr_AC  AC current  Inverter level 
15.  Curr_DC  DC current  Inverter level 
16.  Daily_Gen  Daily Generation value  Inverter level 
17.  Data_Availability  Availability numbers based on communication tickets available at INV/Plant level.  Plant KPI* 
18.  Data_Availability  Availability numbers based on communication tickets available at INV  Inverter level 
19.  Digital Twin  Benchmark calculated for SCB/String.  Factors in parameters including weather data, peer behaviour + its own historical behaviour.    Thus, more highly correlated to actual value rather than standard PVSyst based contracted energy benchmarks.   Twin 

 
20.  Digital Twin PR  Simulated value created using historical data, historical trends, weather, site parameters.   Represents ratio of Actual Energy output to Digital Twin Energy output.  Used as PR value of Digital Twin Energy Benchmark.   Twin 

 
21.  Efficiency_Q  Availability numbers based on fault tickets available at INV  Inverter level 
22.  Equipment-Tag  Is tag of SELECTED equipment from Left Navigation Tree  

Drop-down will list available READING-TYPE to be plotted on y-axis  

 Scatterplot 
23.  Events Tab   

Typically industrial equipment allows viewing of a change in State for equipment.   It is understood that unless a register shows a new state, its state is same as the last displayed state.  As each equipment has many registers, this gets quite noisy, quite quickly.  

  

  • For Solar: 
    States are mostly driven by the Rules Engine.  Quadrical provides a declarative system to capture interesting (Availability Impacting) states + their duration as events.  De-Noising based on state priority, operating conditions to Open-Close these events, state priority, operating conditions to Open-Close these events is Built-In.   

 

  • For Storage: 
    Events are mostly driven by equipment states.   Broadly states are raw events which are considered interesting as the State duration has availability impact.  This makes issues arising into tickets which are considered for triage.  A work order is a triage ticket assigned to field agents.  

 

 Sibling Heatmap 
24.  Export Energy  Cumulative reading of energy exported at plant level  Plant KPI* 
25.  Export_Energy_delta  Difference between 2 consecutive ticks of Export Energy i.e. energy produced in between two-time tick interval.  Plant KPI* 
26.  Filter Rule  IF Selected: shows granular data.  More advanced feature. 

 

Quadrical uses No-Code Framework to define all new KPIs. New KPI’s + Underlying steps to define it are configured in the Reading Dim.   

Once a KPI is defined, it can be used for Advanced Analytics Visualizations so Trend Analysis, Heat Maps Scatter Plots can be done and KPI’s tweaked in RealTime by performance teams more easily.  This is as the ‘Filter Rule’ allows the definition of required filters for data being used to populate them.  This is best explained via a session with Quadrical teams. 

 Sibling Comparison / Sibling Heatmap 
27.  Flat Data  Data quality is represented by the number of Flat [data not transmitting] Ticks.  Considered flat when 2 consecutive values are the same.  Thus, count of # of Flat Ticks over Audit Period shows data issues.  Twin 

 
28.  GHI  Global Horizontal Irradiance [represents radiation falls at the horizontal plane parallel to the Earth’s horizontal plane].  Plant KPI* 
29.  GII/GTI  Global Inclined Irradiance [represents radiation fall at the tilted surface]  Plant KPI* 
30.  Hz_Ins  Horizontal Insolation  Global 
31.  Hz_Irr  Horizontal Radiation  Global 
32.  Hz_Irr  Horizontal Radiation  Inverter level 
33.  Insolation  Amount of solar radiation which reached the earth’s surface at a specific area.  Plant KPI* 
34.  INST_PR  Performance ratio at each time stamp  Inverter level 
35.  INST_PR_Bifacial  Bifacial Performance ratio at each time stamp  Inverter level 
36.  Inverter efficiency  Amount of AC output power provided by Inverter for given DC input.   Normally falls between 95% and 99% with 98% the average.  Twin 

 
37.  Irradiance  Power of solar radiation per unit area.   Measured in Watt per square meter [W/m2]  Global 
38.  Is_Clearsky:  Detects time stamp where sky is clear  Global 
39.  IS_Clipping  Detection of Time stamp when clipping is detected  Inverter & Module level 
40.  LD Calculations  Liquidated Damages Calculations [Calculation for not achieving target generation in terms of kWh in PPA or Agreement]  Plant KPI* 
41.  Loss_INV_S  Structural Loss.  Losses occurring continually for > 6 Months.   Devices may be behaving consistently, but badly compared to plant peers.   As these losses are pre-existing, ongoing, continuing, these devices need attention.  Devices with No Start Date OR End Date should be prioritized for maintenance  Inverter level 
42.  Loss_INV_T  Temporal Loss.  Temporary Losses with start time + end time.  Based entirely on Multi-dimensional Digital Twins including Peer Specific and Device Specific ones.  

Compare best behavior shown by device in the last 6 months with what’s wrong compared to the best condition seen in those 6 months.  Degraded condition could be for any reason – shading on certain days, insulation issues which appeared for a few days then went away or are currently occurring 

 Inverter level 
43.  Measures Tab  Heatmap analysis for typically any reading-type across its PEERS and over time  Sibling Heatmap 
44.  MTD Data  Month till date Data [Month until today]  Plant KPI* 
45.  MTTD hrs  Mean Time to Detect [In hours]  Plant KPI* 
46.  MTTR hrs  Mean Time to Response [In hours]  Plant KPI* 
47.  Norm-power  Normalized Power – Generated DC power output normalized by device capacity.  Eg. Power/Capacity.  Twin 

 
48.  Peers Tab  Scatterplot can be repeated for ANY PEERS 

Dropdown allows multiple PEERS to be selected 

 Scatterplot 
49.  Power_Active  AC Power  Plant KPI* 
50.  Power_Active  AC Power  Inverter level 
51.  Power_Apparent  Apparent Power   Plant KPI* 
52.  Power_Factor  Power Factor value at plant level  Plant KPI* 
53.  Power_Reactive  Reactive Power  Plant KPI* 
54.  PR  Performance Ratio.  Ratio of energy effectively produced [used], with respect to energy which would be produced IF system was working continuously at its nominal STC efficiency  Plant KPI* 
55.  PR_Q  Performance Ratio  Inverter level 
56.  PR-999  Ratio of Power & expected output from Digital Twin 999.     Twin 

 
57.  Pwr_DC  DC power  Inverter level 
58.  Pwr_Norm  AC power by DC load attached  Inverter level 
59.  Pwr-DC  DC power at specific device.  Twin 

 
60.  Pwr-DC-twin-1  Expected power at device from Master Digital Twin  Twin 

 
61.  Radio-button  Options 

  • Trend Curve: If Selected:  tries to fit all collected data into a curve 
  • Scatter Plot: If Selected: it simply plots all the points 
 Scatterplot 
62.  Raw Data  IF  

  • Selected:  shows granular data  
  • Unselected: shows approximate data based on selected time-range  
 Analytics Tools Label* 
63.  Raw Data  IF 

  • Selected:  shows granular data  
  • Unselected:  shows approximate data based on selected time-range  
 Sibling Comparison 
64.  SELECT <Equipment-Type>  <Equipment-tag> — refer to previous section of Equipment types.   Drop-down shows available reading-types by equipment.  Analytics Tools Label* 
65.  SELECT PEERS  Other equipment of same type, which may be compared 

Drop-down provides ability to select multiple devices for comparison 

 Sibling Comparison 
66.  SELECT PEERS  Equipment of same type, which may be compared to each other 

Drop-down provides ability to select multiple devices for comparison 

 Sibling Heatmap 
67.  SELECT READING TYPE  Drop-down allows to pick Reading Type which may be compared across  selected equipment  Sibling Comparison 
68.  SELECT READING TYPE  Drop-down allows picking of Reading Type which needs to be compared across selected devices  Sibling Heatmap 
69.  Sibling  Devices under same parent.  Eg. SCBs under the same inverter.  Twin 
70.  Simulated Module Temperature  Simulated module temperature with Prilliman Method  Global 
71.  Slackers  SCBs which are late starters, early finishers or mid-day low producers compared to their Digital Twin expectations.  Twin 
72.  Specific Power  Energy generated per kWp module capacity, installed over a fixed period of time.  Twin 
73.  Standard Performance Ratio (Standard PR)  Ratio of measured Actual energy output compared to Expected Energy Output for a given period. This is based on the system name-plate rating.  Twin 
74.  States Tab   

Industrial equipment is able to show the State and Status of the system in RealTime.   These are typically captured by SCADA then ingested by Quadrical system, to be analysed by equipment faults & codes. 

 

We use Manufacturer Data Sheets to enumerate and display the underlying meaning of these codes. Tab allows these codes to be searched and viewed.  

 

 Sibling Heatmap 
75.  Structural Losses  Losses occurring continually for > 6 Months.   Devices may be behaving consistently, but badly compared to plant peers.   As these losses are pre-existing, ongoing, continuing, these devices need attention.  Devices with No Start Date OR End Date should be prioritized for maintenance  Twin 
76.  Sun_Azimuth  Angle formed between a reference direction & a line from observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane.  Global 
77.  Sun_Elevation  Measurement of the height [or altitude] of the sun in the sky  Global 
78.  Sun_Zenith  Angle between the sun’s rays & vertical direction  Global 
79.  T-AMB  Ambient Temperature – Temperature of surroundings   Global 
80.  Temporal Losses  Temporary Losses with start time + end time.  Based entirely on Multi-dimensional Digital Twins including Peer Specific and Device Specific ones.  

Compare best behavior shown by device in the last 6 months with what’s wrong compared to the best condition seen in those 6 months.  Degraded condition could be for any reason – shading on certain days, insulation issues which appeared for a few days then went away or are currently occurring 

 Twin 
81.  Tilt_Ins  Insolation value based on Tilt_Irr  Global 
82.  Tilt_Ins_1_delta  It is the difference in between two consecutive ticks of Tilt_Ins  Global 
83.  Tilt_Irr  Computed Tilted Irradiation data if there are more than one pyranometer installed at site/plant.  Global 
84.  Tilt_Irr_1  Tilted Irradiation  Global 
85.  Volt_DC  DC voltage  Inverter level 
86.  Volt_RY  RY Voltage  Inverter level 
87.  X Axis  Above selected can be compared against any other READING-TYPE for the same equipment 

Drop-down will list available READING-TYPE to be plotted on x-axis 

 Scatterplot 
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